Effect of the period of confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic on basic food consumption and health behaviours of a sample of the spanish population
Downloads
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, the reality of life, work and relationships of the Spanish population has suddenly changed. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the period of confinement on the behaviour of the population.
The participants were people of Spanish nationality who did not have chronic or mental illnesses that could affect their diet or emotional state.
The sample consisted of 519 people, from all over Spain, 351 participants were women and 168 men. Most of the sample was made up of subjects between 18 and 30 years old.
We proposed an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study using surveys. An ad hoc questionnaire was designed to explore a series of variables: eating habits, social relationships and some emotional aspects. The questionnaire was distributed for eight weeks using non-probabilistic snowball sampling.
In general, eating behaviours were improved in the period of confinement. The population consumed more home-made food prepared by themselves. Women suffered more emotional and psychological burdens during confinement than men. Younger people suffered more intense emotional issues during confinement.
The period of confinement did not significantly affect the physical condition of the population. The most negative impact was recorded on psychological and social variables, as well as on work and studies.
References
Lipsitch, M.; Swerdlow, D.L.; Finelli, L. Defining the Epidemiology of Covid-19—Studies Needed. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 382, 1194–1196. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
BOLETÍN OFICIAL DEL ESTADO (BOE) Real Decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Available online: https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2020/03/14/pdfs/BOE-A-2020-3692.pdf (accessed on 14 March 2020).
Rothan, H.A.; Byrareddy, S.N. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J. Autoimmun. 2020, 109, 102433. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Arrivillaga M, Salazar IC, Correa D. Creencias sobre la salud y su relación con las prácticas de riesgo o de protección en jóvenes universitarios. Colom Méd 2003;34(4):186-195.
Sanabria PA, González L, Urrego D. Estilos de vida saludable en profesionales de la salud Colombianos. Estudio exploratorio. Revista Med 2007;15(2):207-217.
Pullen C, Noble S, Fiandt K. Determinants of health promoting lifestyle behaviors in rural older women. Family and Community Health 2001; 24: 49-73.
Vio F, Albala C, Crovetto M. Promoción de salud en la transición epidemiológica de Chile. Rev Chil Nutr 2000; 27(1): 21-9.
Vio F, Albala C. Epidemiología de la obesidad en Chile. Rev Chil Nutr 2000; 27: 97-112.
Vorvick LJ, Zieve D. Vida saludable. Medlineplus medicine encyclopedic 2011; article 002393. (Online).Accesible: www. nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanis/ency/article/002393.htm
Thomson, M.; Spence, J.C.; Raine, K.; Laing, L. The association of television viewing with snacking behavior and body weight of young adults. Am. J. Health Promot. 2008, 22, 329–335. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Mittal, D.; Stevenson, R.J.; Oaten, M.J.; Miller, L.A. Snacking while watching TV impairs food recall and promotes food intake on a later TV free test meal. Appl. Cogn. Psychol. 2011, 25, 871–877. [CrossRef]
Lima, C.K.; de Medeiros Carvalho, P.M.; Lima, I.D.; de Oliveira Nunes, J.V.; Saraiva, J.S.; de Souza, R.I.; da Silva, C.G.; Neto, M.L. The Emotional Impact Of Coronavirus 2019-Ncov (New Coronavirus Disease). Psychiatry Res. 2020, 287, 112915. [CrossRef]
Ley Orgánica 3/2018, de 5 de diciembre, de Protección de Datos Personales y Garantía de los Derechos Digitales.
Reglamento (UE) 2016/679 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 27 de abril de 2016, relativo a la protección de las personas físicas en lo que respecta al tratamiento de datos personales y la libre circulación de estos datos y por el que se deroga la Directiva 95/46/CE.
World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. JAMA. 2013;310(20):2191-2194. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.281053
Informe Belmont. Principios éticos y orientaciones para la protección de sujetos humanos en la experimentación. DHEW Publication No. (OS) 78-0012, 1978. Recuperado en https://www.bioeticaweb.com
Darmon, N.; Drewnowski, A. Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: A systematic review and analysis. Nutr. Rev. 2015, 73, 643–660. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Cavaliere, A.; De Marchi, E.; Banterle, A. Exploring the adherence to the mediterranean diet and its relationship with individual lifestyle: The role of healthy behaviours, pro-environmental behaviours, income, and education. Nutrients 2018, 10, 141.
Ekman, A.; Dickman, P.W.; Klint, Å.; Weiderpass, E.; Litton, J.E. Feasibility of using web-based questionnaires in large population-based epidemiological studies. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 2006, 21, 103–111.
Rodríguez-Pérez, C.; Molina-Montes, E.; Verardo, V.; Artacho, R.; García-Villanova, B.; Guerra-Hernández, E.J.; Ruíz-López, M.D. Changes in Dietary Behaviours during the COVID-19 Outbreak Confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet Study. Nutrients 2020, 12, 1730.
European Foundation for Innovation (INTEC) Los supermercados y el sector retail se alinean para mejorar la respuesta ante el covid-19. Available online: http://smartagrifood.org/los-supermercados-y-el-sectorretail-se-alinean-para-mejorar-la-respuesta-ante-el-covid-19-en-agrifoodbeatscoronavirus/ (accessed on 20 April 2020).
Zurita-Ortega, F.; Román-Mata, S.S.; Chacón-Cuberos, R.; Castro-Sánchez, M.; Muros, J.J. Adherence to the mediterranean diet is associated with physical activity, self-concept and sociodemographic factors in university student. Nutrients 2018, 10, 966.
Lachat, C.; Nago, E.; Verstraeten, R.; Roberfroid, D.; Van Camp, J.; Kolsteren, P. Eating out of home and its association with dietary intake: A systematic review of the evidence. Obes. Rev. 2012, 13, 329–346.
Llanaj, E.; Adany, R.; Lachat, C.; D’Haese, M. Examining food intake and eating out of home patterns among university students. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0207549.
Rodríguez- Palmero M. (2000). Efectos beneficiosos de la dieta mediterránea. OFFARM 19 (3), 104-108
Huang Y., Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. medRxiv. 2020 doi: 10.1101/2020.02.19.20025395.
Carstensen L.L., Turan B., Scheibe S., Ram N., Ersner-Hershfield H., Samanez-Larkin G.R. Emotional experience improves with age: Evidence based on over 10 years of experience sampling. Psychol Aging. 2011;26:21–33. doi: 10.1037/a0021285.
Charles S.T., Piazza J.R., Mogle J.A., Urban E.J., Sliwinski M.J., Almeida D.M. Age differences in emotional well-being vary by temporal recall. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2016;71:798–807. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbv011.
Hansen T., Slagsvold B. The age and subjective well-being paradox revisited: A multidimensional perspective. Norsk Epidemiologi. 2012;22:187–195. doi: 10.5324/nje.v22i2.1565.
Márquez-González M., de Trocóniz M.I.F., Cerrato I.M., Baltar A.L. Experiencia y regulación emocional a lo largo de la etapa adulta del ciclo vital: análisis comparativo en tres grupos de edad. Psicothema. 2008;20:616–622.
Swift H.J., Vauclair C.M., Abrams D., Bratt C., Marques S., Lima M.L. Revisiting the paradox of well-being: The importance of national context. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2014;69:920–929. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu011.
Carstensen L., Mikels J.A. At the intersection of emotion and cognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2005;14:117–121. doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00348.x.
Arafat SMY, Kar SK, Menon V, Kaliamoorthy C, Mukherjee S, Alradie-Mohamed A, Sharma P, Marthoenis M, Kabir R.Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res. 2020 Sep;37:100-103. doi: 10.1016/j.npbr.2020.07.002. Epub 2020 Jul 16.
Ahmad AR, Murad HR. The Impact of Social Media on Panic During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online Questionnaire Study. J Med Internet Res. 2020 May 19;22(5):e19556. doi: 10.2196/19556. PMID: 32369026; PMCID: PMC7238863.
?