Massive cultivation of microalgae for the production of alternative biofuels, value added compounds with chemical or pharmaceutical applications and as a food source for a growing world population remains one of the most promising fields of bioengineering and biotechnology. However, much work must be done still in research and development to achieve all the possibilities offered by this renewable source. Thus, this review intends to show the principles concerning the cultivation of microalgae: its importance, technological problems still to be solved, all aspects related to their types and systems of cultivation, growth phases, kinetics equations for cell duplication, important aspects related to the selection and isolation of strains, scaling, biochemical characterization methods (determination of chlorophylls, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, silica, etc.) and finally the most relevant microalgae species.

Keywords: microalgae, biochemical characterization, culture, isolation, selection.